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			RECOMMENDED READING Books listed in red are available for purchase from Good News for the Crescent World. Click on the "Books for Sale" button on the left for more details. TITLE A A History of the Arab Peoples. Hourani, Albert; New York: Warner Books, 1991. An Analysis of the Hadith. Morey, Robert. Austin, Tex.: Research Education Foundation, 1992. Answering Islam. Geisler, Norman L. and Abduk Saleeb; Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1993. The Arabs in History.Lewis, Bernard; New York: Hutchinson University Library, 1966. B Beyond the Mosque. Parshall, Phil. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1985. Bridges to Islam. Parshall, Phil. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1983. C The Call of the Minaret. Cragg, Kenneth; New York: Oxford University Press, 1964. Christian Reply to Muslim Objections. St. Clair-Tisdall, W. Villach, Austria: Light of Life, 1980. The Cross in the Gospel and the Quran. Jadeed, Iskander; Rikon: The Good Way, 1969. The Crucifixion of Christ: Fact or Fiction. Gilchrist, John; Villach, Austria: Light of Life, n.d. D Dialogue and Interfaith Witness with Muslims. Register, Ray. Kingsport, Tenn.: Moody Books Inc., 1979. E Evidence that Demands a Verdict. McDowell, Josh; Arrowhead Springs: Campus Crusade for Christ, 1978. F The Fallen Nature of Man in Islam and Christianity. Shahid, Samuel. Colorado Springs: al-Nur Publications, 1991. From Beirut to Jerusalem. Friedman, Thomas L.; New York: Doubleday, 1990. G God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East. Miller, Judith New York: Touchstone, 1996. The Great Deception: How Muhammad Tried to Win the Christians for Islam. al-Masih, Abd; Villach, Austria: Light of Life, n.d. H The Historical Reliability of the Gospel. Blomberg, Craig; Downer's Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1987. The Holy Qur'an: Translation and Commentary. Ali, A. Yusuf; Damascus: Ouloom Al-Qur'an, 1934. I Inside the Community: Understanding Muslims Through Their Traditions. Parshall, Phil. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1994. Is the Bible God's Word? Deedat, Ahmed; South Africa, 6th printing, 1987. Is the Qur'an Infallible? Abd al-Fadi, Abdallah; Villach, Austria: Light of Life, n.d. Islam. Farah, Caesar E.; Hauppauge, New York: Barron's, 1994. Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics, the Gulf War and Beyond. Kelsay, John; Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1993. Islam in History. Lewis, Bernard; New York: The Library Press, 1973. Islam: Its Prophet, Peoples, Politics, and Power. Braswell, George W. Jr.; Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996. Islam Revealed: A Christian Arab's View of Islam. Shorrosh, Anis A. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1988. J Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament. Bruce, F. F.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1974. Jesus and the Muslim: An Exploration. Cragg, Kenneth; London: George Allen & Unwin, 1985. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, Peters, F. E. 3 vols. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990. K L The Life and Times of Muhammad. Glubb, John; New York: Stein and Day, 1971. The Life of Muhammad. Guillaume, A.; London: Oxford University Press, 1955. M The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years. Lewis, Bernard; New York: Scribner, 1995. A Middle East Mosaic. Lewis, Bernard; New York: Random House, 2000. Mohammedanism: An Historical Survey.Gibb, H. A. R.; London: Oxford University Press, 1949. The Moslem Christ. Zwemer, Samuel M. Edinburgh and London: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, 1912. The Moslem Doctrine of God. Zwemer, Samuel M. American Tract Society, 1905. Muhammad and the Christian. Cragg, Kenneth; London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1984. Muhammad at Mecca. Watt, W. Montgomery. London: Oxford University Press, 1956. Muhammad at Medina. Watt, W. Montgomery. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956. Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman. Watt, W. Montgomery. London: Oxford University Press, 1961. Muslims and Christians on the Emmaus Road. Woodberry, J. Dudley., ed. Monrovia: MARC, 1989. Muslim-Christian Encounters. Watt, W. Montgomery. London: Routledge, 1991. N New Paths in Muslim Evangelism. Parshall, Phil. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1980. The New Testament Documents. Bruce, F. F.; London: InterVarsity and Tyndale Press, 1960. O The Origin of Islam in its Christian Environment. Bell, Richard; London: Frank Cass & Co., Ltd., 1968. The Origins of the Koran. Warraq, Ibn. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 1998. P Q R S Sahih of al-Bukhari, Bukhari, Muhammad Ibn Ismail; trans. Muhammad Muhsin Khan. New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan, 1984. Salvation Through Repentance, Abu Ameeneh, Bilal Philips; Riyadh: Tawheed Publications, 1990 Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim. Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar; Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers, 1980. Sin and Atonement in Islam and Christianity. Jadeed, Iskander; Rikon: The Good Way, 1979. The Sources of Islam. W. St. Clair-Tisdall, Edinburgh, Scotland: T&T Clark, n.d. T The Textual History of the Qur'an and the Bible. Gilchrist, John; Villach, Austria: Light of Life, 1988. U The Unseen Face of Islam. Musk, Bill. Great Britain: Monarch Publications, 1989. V The Verdict of History. Habermas, Gary R.; Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1982. W Was Christ Really Crucified? al-Qayrawani; Faris. Villach, Austria: Light of Life, n.d. What You Need to Know About Islam & Muslims. Braswell, George W. Jr.; Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2000. X Y Z
ABRAHAM - Father of the three great religions of the world: Judaism, Christianity and Islam ABU BAKHR / ABU BAKR– the first Caliph and successor to Muhammad ADHAN– call to prayer AHL AL-KITAB – “People of the Book.” Qur’anic reference to Christians, Jews, Sabaeans and Zoroastrians. AL-ADHA– “sacrifices.” Also a feast holiday on the Muslim calendar. ALI – cousin of Muhammad revered by Shi’ites. ALIM – a recognized scholar of the Qur’an and hadith. ALLAH – “the God.” Arabic name for God. ALLAHU AKHBAR – “God is great.” AL-WAHHAB – founder of the Wahhabis which led to the creation of the Saudi state in Arabia AYAT – lit., “sign.” A verse in the Qur’an. BISMILLAH – “In the name of God.” CALIPH – “successor.” A title given to the rulers of the Muslim community who succeeded Muhammad. DHIKR – “recollection (of God)” DIN – “religion” FARD – religious duty FATIMA – daughter of Muhammad FATWA – legal opinion FIQH – “understanding.” The science of legal interpretation. GABRIEL – the angel who revealed the Qur’an to Muhammad HADITH – lit., “new.” Reports of the words and deeds of Muhammad. There exist various notable collections of hadith, such as al-Muwatta, al-Tirmidhi, Sahih al-Bukhari, and Sahih Muslim. HAJJ – pilgrimage to Mecca HANAFIS – a school of law named for Abu Hanif HANBALIS – a school of law named for Ibn Hanbal HAQQ - TRUTHHEGIRA – “migration.” The flight of Muhammad in 622 AD to Medina to escape persecution in Mecca. This event marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar. HEZBOLLAH – the “Party of Allah.” Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem HOLY WAR – “jihad.” The act of striving to preserve or impose the religion of God. ID AL-FITR – feast at the end of Ramadan IFTAR – breaking of the fast after sunset IHRAM – cloth worn by the pilgrim to Mecca IJMA– consensus of the scholars IMAM– a Muslim religious leader INJIL– Arabic title for the holy book given to Jesus. INTIFADA - “awakening,” or “uprising” ISLAM – “surrender” ISNAD – the chain of authority of hadith JIHAD – “to strive for the faith.” Commonly referred to as a holy war to preserve or impose God’s religion. JINN– spirits JIZYA– poll tax judgment: heaven and hell KA'BA – lit., “square.” The holiest shrine in Islam, located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. A structure believed by Muslims to have been built by Abraham, and is the focus of the annual pilgrimage of all Muslims. KHADIJA – first wife of Muhammad KHARAJ – land tax KHUTBA – sermon during the Friday prayer MADHHAB – religious-legal school MADRASA – “school” MAHDI – “the rightly guided one” who will appear before the Last Judgment MALIKIS – a school of law named for Malik ibn Anas Mary, mother of Jesus MASJID – mosque. The common place of prayer. MATN – text of hadithMecca – The birthplace of Muhammad. It is the holiest city in Islam, and is where the Ka’ba is located. Medina – The city 260 miles north of Mecca, where Muhammad took refuge in 622 AD. Muhammad built the first mosque in Medina and was buried there. MIHRAB – niche in a mosque showing the direction of Mecca MINARET – tower from which the call to prayer is made MINBAR – pulpit used for the Friday sermon MOSQUE – The common place of prayer MU'AWIYA – The Muslim leader who forced Ali out of the Caliphate. This began the division in Islam, with Mu’awiya leading the Sunni sect. mufti – legal scholar MUTA – temporary marriage pilgrimage (hajj) QADAR – “destiny” QADI– religious judge QIYAS – “analogy” QUR'AN – “recite.” The book that was revealed to Muhammad and is the basis of the Islamic faith. QURAYSH – the tribe from which Muhammad came. RAKA – bodily positions in ritual prayer RAMADAN – The month of fasting for Muslims, during which all Muslims who are able should abstain abstain from eating, smoking, sexual intercourse and other forms of self-indulgence during daylight hours. RAY – “opinion” RIBA – usury SAHIH – a “sound” HADITH SALADIN (or, Salah al-Din) – Defeated the Crusader army in 1187 during the Third Crusade, returning Jerusalem to Islamic rule. SALAT– the prayer that is practiced by Muslims five times a day. SAWM– the fast during the month of Ramadan. During this month a Muslim should abstain from eating, smoking, sexual intercourse and other forms of self-indulgence during daylight hours. SHAFI'I – intercessor on Judgment Day SHAFI'IS – a school of law named for al- SHAFISHAHADA – “confession.” The Muslim’s testimony that there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his messanger. SHARI'A – “law.” Islamic law that governs daily life. SHARIF – “noble” SHI'AT ALI – “Party of Ali.” Shai’, or Shi’ite sect of Islam. SHI'ITE – “followers.” The name of the sect that followed Ali after Mu’awiya forced him from the Caliphate. SHIRK – the sin of blasphemy against God SHURA - council SIRAT – bridge over hell to be crossed at the Last Judgment SUFI – A Muslim mystic. SUFISM – A mystic sect of Islam. SUNNA – “tradition.” The deeds of Muhammad that serve as the example followed by the Sunni community. SUNNI – “followers of the path.” The name of the sect who followed Mu’awiya after he forced Ali from the Caliphate. SURA – A chapter of the Qur’an. There are 114 suras. TAHAJUD – night prayer TALAQ – divorce TARAWIH – prayers offered after the breaking of fast of Ramadan TARIQA – “path” TASFIR – Exegesis of the Qur’an. TASIN – beginning of sura TAWRAT – Arabic title for the Torah. TILAWAT – recitation of the Qur’an ULAMA– legal scholars Umayyad/Umayyads UMMA – the Muslim community URF – customary law UTHMAN - Uthman ibn ‘Affan was chosen as the third Caliph in 644. Wahhabis WAHID – “one” WAQF – a foundation or trust given for the establishment of charity or education. WUDU - ablution ZABUR – Arabic title for the Psalms of David. ZAKAT – almsgiving